The Animation With Multimedia Film Studies Essay

The Animation With Multimedia Film Studies Essay Animation is considered to be one of the exciting forms of pictorial presentation. Animation consists of three main features (i) picture , (ii) motion and (iii) simulated. Animation adds visual impact to the multimedia project. Many multimedia applications for both the Macintosh and Windows provide animation tools, but you should first understand the principles to the eye interprets that changes it sees as motion.There is a place for animation on the Web, however. There, the essential content is typically a  menu  of link. INTRODUCTION Animation is possible because of biological phenomenon known as persistence of vision. The object which can be seen by naked eye can get into visual deception of movement. In other ways we can change to some extent about the figure and structure of an object promptly.    There are FOUR main types of animations which are used in multimedia applications. The first type of animation 2D animation or linear animation, is the simple movement of objects on the screen, generally through linear translation. Multimedia development environments often provide the necessary tools to perform this simple animation procedure. The original creation of animation:3D animation, however, is very technically and artistically involved, as well as time consuming. Three dimensional objects are created using a mathematical model. Each object may be shown in various views, giving the user a realistic sense of third dimension. 2D to motion to appear smooth a minimum of 15 frames per second generally required. There are two dimensions cell animationpath animation it involves techniques as well onion skin tweening. 3D although 2D animation can be effective in enhancing a mulmedia title,3D animation takes the entire experience of multimedia to another level.There are three dimensional animation is the foundation upon which many mulmedia cd games and adventure titles are constructed.In animation top selling products such as Myst And warcraft use of 3D animation to bring the user into the setting and make him or her seem a part of action. Creatin 3D animation is considerly more complex than 2D animation can involves into two steps:modelind and rendering before the real animation takes. Morphing is useful not only in showing how two images blend together, showing how an image might change over time.but also in Photo Morph, Hijact Morph, and Elastic Reality are examples of programs than can produce quite sophisticated morphing animations. Warping is a related special effect that allows you to manipulate a single image. For example, you could stretch a facial feature to change a frown into smile. Virtual Reality (VR) attempts to create an environment that surrounds the user so that he or she becomes part of the experience. The term Virtual Reality has been used to describe various types of applications, some that are more experiential than others. It is nearly impossible to construct a multimedia presentation that will be accessible by every user on the World Wide Web. To  access  visual content, they need a text alternative that can be spoken by a screen reader. LITERATURE REVIEW Humankind has always been fascinated by moving images. The desire to make pictures move has provoked some of the most innovative developments in the fields of science and technology during the twentieth century (Bendazzi, 1994). Animation had made fantasy of human kind come true. It has brought a drastic change in the present world. Every sector in particular field has a production. All media communicate most effectively in their language of animation. Animation is everything from Pinocchio learning to walk, skeletons fighting classical heroes, a pumpkin king ditching Halloween for chrismas (James Clarke 2004).Animation brings stationary objects into motion. Movement should be used for essential communication. In animation anything is possible. Animation brought pictures to life. Animation is used in video games,filims,robotics. Animated worlds need logic, consistency and boundaries.(Bryce Hallett, 2008). In animation ,idea development must include visual exploration. To achieve animation write for action first.Inanimation, any real or imaginary, can be made into a character. It has two levels, basic and advanced. The merit of the computer animation-based activities has also been questioned(IEEE journal on essential animation 1998). Most of children at homes use their computers for playing games, doing homework, chatting with friends which reduce their interest in other co-curricular activities. But there is also positive side of animation. With the help of animation children interaction increases which helps them to learn in a affective way. A way of seeing experience a world that has little relation to our own lived experience or to other cinematic experience(Suzanne Buchan 2006) Animation made cinematic experience brilliant through animation,fantacy worlds are created which are impossible in real world. Through animation interaction with the viewer in the movies are possible. Animated characters do not have to perform realistically in animation, the thinking process needs to be shown(Bryce Hallett 2008).In animation interaction of characters can be from human to human, human to object in virtual world. In animation imaginary stuff can be done. in animation we can create or design our own characters. Animation enables to give magical power things. In my films, I move many objects.Suddenly, everyday contact with things which people are used to acquires a new dimensions and in this way casts a doubt over reality. In other words, I use animation as a means of subversion(paul wells 1998).Where we can put up in words animation starts to speak. As days pass on people concentrate in actions rather than wordings. Any action in death or life can be shown in animation. we keep moving forward, opening new doors, and doing new things, because we are curious and curiosity keeps leading us down new paths(Walt Disney 1996). As every person in the world expects to see something new and different they keep hoping for a change and the animation world shows every imaginary thing come true. Animation is the stream which can never get into down path. Animation is not the art of drawings that move but the art of movements that are drawn. The process of art eveolving is always one which has a kind of fascination(Norman Mclaren 1987).Animation shows the epic moves which cant not be constant. Effects play a major role in Animation. There are many things to be done in animation one is with graphics and visual effect. Because good writing in a TV cartoon is so rare, I think the animation on the Simpsons is often overlooked(Matt Groening 1954). When childrens watch cartoon they dont watch affects they just watch the motion of the cartoon. Animation is for people who can draw and write but the importance is given only when it plays on the screen. Research: The start of animation was in the year 1908. As ages pass by the world gets into a higher step. Film making was from black and white to colour. Nature is shown in a lively way in animation. The cinematic world experience that are accessible to the spectator only through the techniques available in animation. Animation is derived from the world of imagination. In previous days of animation there were no proper effects as in now there are many more new tecnolgies coming up. Drawings cannot move,but the camera gives the movement and life to the picture. The moving photograph will always be as a magical moving drawing. The word multimedia itself describes numerious of art making and picturisation. Motion picture animation fully exploits the cinematic apparatus,from camera. This communication of unconscious nature gives growth and development to the animated world. It refers to the stimulated motion of picture for the drawn objects. The micro level of multimedia controls the three dimensi on model which involves lights,camera and the movement of picture. The fixing and re-animatingof images remained a research at the educational centres. In simple variables user can define his own uses about picturisation. The media gives the action in all stunts and various effects. Humans and animals give a wild movement which can be shown only in multimedia and animation. The animation is worldwide. Every children have a great knowledge about animation by which they get motivated and get different ideas and try to implement them. People say cant imagine the world without animation that means they even stop imagining things by which animation world do not exsist. Animation can not compete with any other technology. Every particular stream has its own importance. Animation plays a major role in movie making and moving the objects with great force. Drawing is of different types but showing the drawing on the screen with different angles like two dimension and three dimension. Picture s are scanned into the computer using high technology photography or made in computer itself. These objects are scanned into the computer and add color and effects with textured form. Computer is being used by every person but not animation can be managed by everyone. Animation introduces many stills by which few people are still unfamiliar with. To make film one particular scene is copied many times and will be replaced as they use to. The video shots will be taken and put together as a small scene of the film and will give the impression of the different angles the picture moves with. Every stunt of the actor or a cartoon will be manipulated in such a way which makes people feel as its really going on. The three dimension is with something of the object which is getting very close and makes people feel as they are facing the object diretly. Animation creates a strange world between reality and imagination. Animation are generally called still drawings but when viewed it gives the impression of moving picture. Animation is the best part for entertainment. Previous days they used numerious techniques to give the impression of moving pictures like cave drawings which are embeded on the walls like animals running and overlapped but the only the still drawing can be seen not the movement. Numerious of supplies are recquired to bring imagination to life many animators,screens,drawings and many more. In animation few things are purchased like software done by other people where as rest it will be done by their self. The transparency of object can not be seen any where other then in animation and multimedia. A variety of camers and lenses are used to zoom the object. Animator creates a storyboard first and then try to picturaise the object with back ground colours and effects the multimedia plays a role like zooming the camera with different lenses and highlight the important role. There are many games and cartoons created by animation. Games are widely implemented and being played by many children by which they will get a knowledge of different colors and effects and even about the computirazation. The before test of the picture is checked several times for accuracy. The picture needs audio which is very important as the movements are given to the picture there are many sound effets by which it makes us feel thats real not a film. A computerized video tape is actually made of sketches which give the smooth of motion and correct facial expressions. Graphics is the part of animation and multimedia which shows the shapes of geometry and transformations. We can use animation to grow elements,shake and spin. There are many different color combinations which can be done over computer but not hand made. Color shows the epic of the picture and explains the concept of the film but as obtained multimedia has many short films which has come into trend now a days. Multimedia has different concept which shows the picture all the ways. Animation is the bac k bone for the movie industry and runs through the effects and sound effects of the animators. A core feature of graphic capability is to support for working with multimedia which includes video and audio. In films illusion is created by cameras which can record each and every second..The projecter and the light focus makes people exicted to the see the three dimensional picture on the screen. As we researched about animation in multimedia this has a wide range knowledge and is implementing and getting into higher step day by day but never falls down.

Cardiovascular Case Study

Atrial Septal Defect(ASD) is a very large problem concerning the heart in its overall function. When the heart, being the core of the cardiovascular system, has issues; it effects the rest of the body as a result. The core of the problem resides in the atrial septum. Normally the heart is divided into four separate chambers. But a person with atrial septal defect has an atrial septum that allows the blood from the left side of the heart back into the right side. This results in increased pulmonary blood flow and diastolic overload of the right ventricle.By having this constant left-to-right shunt, it can alter the pulmonary vascular resistance leading to hypertension or even the reversal of the shunt itself. There are three types of Atrial Septal Defects: ostium secundum, ostium primum, and sinus venosus. The opening of the atrial septum may be small, on the count of the foramen ovale failing to close; or large, when the septum is completely absent from the heart itself. There is a v ery logical explanation between Ryans inability to gain weight, as well as not taking an interest in food during meals.His body isn't able to grow normally because the exchange of nutrients and waste products in his body is completely deficient. He isn't absorbing the adequate amount of nutrients that his body needs. Him being 11-months old, this causes a huge problem because nutrition is extremely important. His heart is working less efficiently, which makes the blood traveling throughout his body subsequently deficient as well. All of the systems in Ryans body are going to be affected by his diagnosis of Atrial Septal Defect. Ryans growth and development is not appropriate for his age.Ryan was born weighing 7lbs, and now, 11 months later he is 15. 4 lbs. He is close to being a 1 year old, and his birth weight should be a little less that triple the amount that he was at birth. Ryan should be approximately 21 lbs at his current age, leaving about a 5-6 lb deficit. Ryans parents sta ted that he doesn't crawl or attempt to stand because of the fact that he gets out of breath easily. This is being caused by the Atrial Septal Defect. All he can do is sit unsupported, which he should have been able to do at 8 months.At 11 months old, Ryan should be able to stand upright holding onto an adults hand, as well as feed himself finger foods and drink from a sippy cup. He should be able to pull himself up to a standing position as well. Also, sleeping after eating is just an indication of how much energy it is for him to complete a meal, which is making him uninterested in food overall. Again, all of these factors seem to be affected by his current diagnosis. Ryan is currently on Digoxin 200 micrograms and Furosemide 10 mg q day.He is prescribed Digoxin because this medication increases overall cardiac output as well as slowing the heart rate. This is good for Ryan, because at this point he is not receiving the appropriate amount of output needed for his growth and develo pment. Furosemide is a diuretic that treats fluid retention as well as hypertension. This is important because when there is a defect with the heart, pulmonary issues may occur when fluid retention begins. Also, Ryan is currently predisposed to hypertension because of his condition. Ryans current Potassium level was at a 2. 9 mml/L.Adequate levels of Potassium compared to his age should be at 3. 3-4. 7 mmol/L. Too little Potassium affects the hearts frequency as well as contractions. His Digoxin levels were tested to see if the medication was becoming toxic. He was at a 2. 6 ng/ml which is in the upper limits, but not enough to be considered toxic. Here are some examples of nursing diagnosis' that patients like Ryan would have: Risk for deficient fluid volume related to preoperative diarrhea. Impaired nutrition; less than body requirements. Decreased cardiac output related to pre-existing compromise in cardiac function.Fatigue related to decreased cardiac output. Nursing Diagnosis' for Ryan Post Operative would be: Risk for infection related to surgical incision. Acute pain related to post operative surgery. Impaired verbal communication related to age. Risk for aspiration related to immobility. Teaching is such a vital component in ensuring that all patients are fully aware of their medical condition. Ryan, being an 11 month old, the teaching must go to his parents. They will need to be supplied information about Atrial Septal Defect, surgeries involved, and the prognosis when completed.They will need specific information about the medications that Ryan is going to be on. They will need to be aware of the medications actions, side effects, and possible signs of toxicity/allergies. If Ryan were to have surgery, they would need to be taught how to care for the incision properly to avoid infection. They will need to know the signs and symptoms of infection. Last, they will need to ensure that they are constantly promoting proper growth and development with Ryan, so a daily plan must be made. That includes activities, diet, etc.

Psychology: Nervous System and William James

1. Professor Lewis studies the history of psychology. She would most likely agree with which of the following statements about psychology's early history? 2. In thinking about psychology and consciousness, the idea that the mind and the body are separate entities that interact makes a lot of sense to you. This view that you hold is most like the view of: 3. Interactive dualism is the idea that: Mind and body were separate entities that interact to produce sensations, emotions, and other conscious experiences. 4. Psychology is formally defined as:The scientific study of unconscious mental processes. 5. Wilhelm Wundt investigated which of the following phenomena? Wundt investigated basic sensory and perceptual processes. 6. Which of the following events do most historians consider to mark the formal beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline? In 1879 Wundt opened the first psychology research laboratory which marked psychology as an independent field of study. 7. Which early ap proach or â€Å"school† of psychology is associated with Wilhelm Wundt's student Edward Titchener? Structuralism 8.You are a subject in an experiment who is told: â€Å"Look at this apple very carefully and tell me your exact sensations and feelings as you experience them. † The experimenter in this study probably believes in what school of psychology? Structuralism 9. Which of the following people played a key role in establishing psychology as a scientific discipline in the United States? William James 10. Which school of psychology would agree that â€Å"psychology should stress the study of how behavior and mental processes allow people and animals to adapt to their environments†?Functionalism 11. Which of the following is a TRUE statement about Mary Whiton Calkins? 12. Who would have been most likely to say: â€Å"Why you behave the way you do is because of unconscious reasons, not reasons in your consciousness†? Sigmund Freud 13. Your therapist is v ery interested in your dreams, blocked memories, and slips of the tongue. On which approach to psychology is your therapist probably basing his psychotherapy? Psychoanalysis 14. Behaviorism was characterized by: observable behaviors that could be objectively measured and verified. 15. My goal is to discover how behavior is acquired and modified in response to environmental influences. † Such a statement would most likely be made by: William James 16. Who conditioned dogs to reflexively salivate to the sound of a bell rather than food? Ivan Pavlov 17. Two key figures in the development of humanistic psychology include: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow 18. Which of the following people developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth? Carl Rogers 19. Humanistic psychology emphasized: In self-determination, free-will, and the importance of choice in human behavior. 0. The development of drugs that helped control the symptoms of severe psychological disorders an d development of techniques to study the human brain contributed to the importance of _____ psychology in recent decades. 21. Dr. Barongon is a psychotherapist who helps people develop choices and self-direction in striving to reach their fullest potential. Dr. Barongon probably subscribes to the Humanistic perspective of psychology. 22. The cognitive perspective of psychology focuses on: mental processes, including reasoning and thinking, problem soving, memory, perception, mental imagery, and language. 3. As a psychology researcher, you have found that the public expression of emotions differs among people from the United States, Japan, Switzerland, and Israel. This type of research fits best with which perspective in psychology? 24. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of collectivistic cultures? 25. In collectivistic cultures, a person's sense of identity: is interdependent with others 26. Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to: judge other cultures by the standards o f our own culture. 27. Which of the following statements best characterizes the principle of natural selection? 28.Cognitive psychology focuses on the study of: studies how our brains perceive, process, interpret, and respond to internal and external stimuli. 29. Mrs. Brunberg works with children who have special needs, helping them to develop their intellectual and social skills. Mrs. Brunberg is most likely a _____ psychologist. 30. Lynn has just received a research grant to study the effect of downsizing on morale at a large computer company. Lynn is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist. 31. Which of the following is a FALSE statement about clinical psychologists? 32. Which of the following best represents psychology's basic goals? escribe, explain, predict, and influence behavior 33. Empirical evidence refers to evidence that is the result of: verifiable evidence based on objective observation, measurement and experimentation 34. A hypothesis is: A tentative statement about the r elationship between variables. 35. An operational definition is: A precise description of how the variables will be measured. 36. Which type of research method is used to show that one variable causes change in another variable? Independent variable 37. In contrast to the experimental method, the basic goal of the descriptive methods is to:observe and describe behavior. 8. Meta-analysis is: Used to analyze the results of several studies into a single analysis in order to identify overall trends. 39. The word replicate refers to: To repeat or duplicate a scientific study in order to increase confidence in the validity of the original findings. 40. When psychologists systematically observe and record behaviors as they occur in their natural settings, they are using a descriptive method called: they are using the descriptive method called naturalisticobservation. 41. A pseudoscience is a: A fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence. 2. A case stu dy is a(n): Highly detailed description of a single individual. 43. One potential problem with surveys and questionnaires is that: people may not report accurate information 44. A correlation coefficient is: Used to measure how an independent variable relates to dependent variable 45. The research method that is used to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between changes in one variable and the effects on another variable is called: Independent Variable 46. In an experiment, the independent variable is the variable that is: The controlled factor in an experiment.It is hypothesized to cause an effect on another variable. 47. In an experiment, the dependent variable is: The measured facts. It is hypothesized to be affected. 48. Random assignment refers to a procedure that: Every subject in the study should have an equal chance of being placed in either the experimental or control group. 49. The purpose of the control group in an experiment is to: To have a group of stable and unchanged variables to compare and analyze results to. 50. The purpose of using a double-blind research design is to: help prevent the influence of inadvertent demand chatacterisitcs. 1. The ethical requirement of informed consent means that: purpose procedures risks confidentiality alternatives to participation costs compensation questions consent statement participation is voluntary 52. The branch of psychology that is focused on understanding the internal physical events and processes that correspond with our experiences and behavior is called: biological psychology 53. The branch of science that is concerned with the study of the nervous system is called: neuroscience 54. Which of the following is TRUE of glial cells? functions like glue Forms the myelin sheathAssist neurons in communicating with each other Removes waste products from neurons Nourishes neurons Besides the neuron, it also the other main type of cell in nervous system 55. The three basic types of neurons are: Sens ory Neurons, Motor Neurons, and Interneurons 56. Which part of the neuron receives messages from other neurons? Interneurons 57. The primary function of the myelin sheath is to: The primary function is to insulate the neuron cells so that it can conduct quickly. 58. The presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron are separated by a tiny, fluid-filled space called the: Synaptic Gap 9. Which of the following best defines a neurotransmitter? They are special chemical messengers manufactured by the neuron. 60. What happens to the neurotransmitters that fail to attach to a receptor site? They are reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron so that they can be recycled and used again. 61. Like a key in a lock, the shape of the Neurotransmitters must fit the Receptor site to affect the postsynaptic neuron. 62. The neurotransmitter called acetylcholine: Is found in all motor neurons. It stimulates muscles to contract, including the heart and stomach muscles. 63.Parkinson's disease is caused by the degeneration of neurons that produce: Dopamine 64. Miguel jogs about five miles a day. At roughly the three-mile point, Miguel usually experiences a rush of positive feelings due to heavy levels of Endorphins. 65. The two main divisions of the nervous system are the Central nervous system and the Peripheral Nervous System. 66. In combination, the brain and spinal cord make up the: Motor neurons 67. The autonomic nervous system is composed of two different branches called the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems. 68. Which of the following best defines neurogenesis?The development of new neurons. 69. Which represents the largest region of the brain? Cerebrum 70. The primary communication link between the left and right cerebral hemispheres is called: Corpus Callosum 71. The hippocampus plays a key role in: The ability to form new memories. 72. Of the following brain structures, which is associated with the emotional responses of fear, disgust, and anger? Amygdala 73. W hy was the split-brain operation first performed? It was performed to stop the patient’s seizures. 74. Functional plasticity: Refers to the brains ability to shift functions from damaged to undamaged brain. 75.The notion of structural plasticity: Refers to the brain’s ability to physically change its structure in response to learning, active practice, or environment stimulation. 76. In psychology, the term sensation formally refers to: The process of detecting a physical stimulus such as light, sound, heat, or pressure. 77. In contrast to sensation, the term perception is formally defined as the: Process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensory. 78. The process by which physical energy, such as light, is converted into a coded neural signal that can be transmitted to and interpreted by the brain is called: Transduction 9. The smallest possible stimulus that can be detected half the time, or the minimum level of stimuli that we can detect is called: The abso lute threshold 80. The smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected is called the: absolute threshold 81. According to Weber’s Law, whether we can detect a change in the strength of a stimulus depends upon the intensity of the original stimulus. 82. Perception that is below the threshold of conscious perception is called: Subliminal Perception 83. John puts one toe into the swimming pool and shivers because the water is so cold.He grits his teeth and dives in anyway. After about ten minutes, the temperature of the water seems quite comfortable to him. This example illustrates the principle of: Sensory Adaption 84. Rods are used for vision in Dark light, and cones are used for vision in Bright light. 85. Which theory best explains color vision in humans? The trichromatic theory and opponent process theory. 86. The sense of hearing is also known as: Audition 87. As you walk into your office, you are almost overwhelmed by the strong smell of the cologne with which the copier repairman has doused himself.Because you have studied this chapter, however, you reassure yourself that sensory adaptation will occur and you will become much less aware of the odor in approximately: 88. The best candidates for hypnosis are people who: Approach the experience with positive, receptive attitudes. 89. A group of techniques that induce an altered state of focused attention and heightened awareness is a definition of: Meditation 90. Chemical substances that can alter arousal, mood, thinking, sensation, and perception are called: Psychoactive drugs 91. Taste is to gustation as smell is to olfaction. 92.According to your textbook, factors that can INCREASE the perception of pain include: Anxiety and a sense of helplessness. 93. You are able to maintain your equilibrium and balance because of the: Vestibular Sense 94. The term gestalt means: meaningful whole perceptions 95. The ability to accurately gauge the distance of the coffee cup on your desk as you reach for it is called: depth perception 96. As you walk on the beach, every detail of the rocks, shells, and sand beneath your feet seem crisp and distinct. As you look further down the beach, however, the details of the ground in the distance seem fuzzy and blurred.Because of the depth perception cue of texture gradient, you perceive the ground beneath your feet to be much closer than the ground that extends into the distance. 97. Distance cues that involve both eyes are called _____ cues. binocular 98. Distance cues that require the use of only one eye are called _____ cues. vestibular 99. It was the famous American psychologist named _____ who described consciousness as being like a river or a stream. William James 100. The term circadian rhythm refers to: any rhythmic change that continues at close to a 24 hour cycle in the absence of 24 hour cues. 01. Circadian rhythms that are drastically out of synchronization with daylight and darkness cues can produce: jet lag 102. If you are like most people, you experience a daily slump in your mental alertness around 3 o'clock each afternoon. This daily fluctuation in mental alertness is an example of: delta brain wave activity. 103. According to the activation-synthesis model of dreaming: dreams are a byproduct of physiological processes in the brain. 104. As you are reading this question, you are awake and alert. This means that your brain is generating beta brain waves. 105.Shortly after going to bed and as you are falling asleep, you experience the vividly realistic sensation that you are falling or tripping forward, which jolts you awake. This vivid sensation is a common example of: hypnologic hallucinations 106. As you are being monitored by sleep researchers, almost all of your brain activity comprises delta brain waves. This is a clear sign that you are in: stage 4 NREM sleep 107. According to the adaptive theory of sleep: sleep emerged in evolution 108. The most common sleep complaint among adults is: Insomnia 109. Somnambulism is also called: Sleep walking 110.The term nocturnal enuresis is: bedwetting 111. The parasomnias are: undesirable physical arousal, behaviors, or events during sleep or sleep transitions. 112. What is sexsomnia? abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during sleep 113. In a study described in your text, research participants learned a new task before going to sleep. During the night, some participants were repeatedly awakened during NREM sleep, other participants during REM sleep. What did the researchers find when they tested the participants on the new skill the next day? 114. What is a lucid dream? When you can control your dreams 15. Who said, â€Å"In every dream an instinctual wish has to represented as fulfilled. † Sigmund Freud 116. Which of the following best defines hypnosis? A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotists suggestions. 117. Pseudomemories: are false memories that can be inadve rtently created when under hypnosis 118. The most widely used psychoactive drug in the world is: Caffeine 119. Alcohol is classified as a: Depressant 120. Prolonged use of cocaine can: cause withdrawal symptoms. 121. Brandy is fond of attending all-night raves at a dance club near her home.Some of the raves are drug-free, but at one rave she saw a friend who was sweating profusely, chewing ice and a plastic pacifier, drinking large quantities of water, and hugging everyone in reach as he proclaimed his love for all humanity. Brandy suspected that her friend was probably high on _____. 122. Methamphetamine is a type of amphetamine that can be easily manufactured, provides an intense high, and causes a reduction in the brain's dopamine transporters and receptors. 123. _____ are highly addictive drugs that suppress appetite, produce euphoria, and reduce fatigue. Ecstacy 124. Which of the following is NOT classified as a stimulant?

The Battle Of The Somme Essay - 2000 Words

In British history, the Battle of the Somme has become one of the most significant battles due to the death and the horrendous casualties caused with that have made it become an emotive topic. It lasted from 1st July to 18th November, 1916. The unnecessary sacrifice led to the view that the brave British soldiers were ‘lions led by donkeys’ who were sent to their deaths by uncaring and unskilful generals. Many historians agree on the significance of the battle not in terms of its success or failure but how it had important results including the reduction of the German army as well as how the battle had helped the British learn valuable lessons to improve and prepare for future battles. In the short term, there is no doubt that the battle was hugely significant due to the overall casualties and large losses suffered by both sides. On the first day of the battle, the British infantry advanced across no man’s land into barbed wire which they thought was supposed to have been destroyed but wasn’t. It was the bloodiest day in the history of the British army as 19,000 soldiers were killed and 38,000 were wounded which made a significant total loss of 57,000. However most of the British soldiers were pre-conscriptions and volunteers who were not fully trained and they did not expect the Germans to come out of their deep trenches ready to fight. These deaths were linked to poor tactics and ineffective artillery. As the British soldiers advanced, they were mowed down by rifles andShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The Somme1285 Words   |  6 PagesThe Battle of the Somme, World War One was a major stalemate caused not only by the poor trench system, but the leade rship decisions, weather conditions, diseases and sicknesses among the troops and the technology used. Although these factors all contributed to the stalemate, the strong and harsh technology was the biggest attribute. World War One began on the 28th of July and lasted until the 11th of November 1918. It was named ‘The Great War’ or ‘The War to End All Wars’ because of the huge amountRead MoreThe Battle Of The Somme1103 Words   |  5 PagesQuetext About Widget FAQ Contact How was the Battle of the Somme significant to the British in World War 1? The Battle of the Somme was significant to the British in World War 1 because the British started and ended the battle, there were horrific casualties as a result of this Battle and it led to many lessons being learnt. The Battle was started by the British on the 1st July 1916 and ended on the 18th November 1916. Throughout the Battle, many smaller battles took place the most significant being dayRead MoreThe Battle of Somme Essay1498 Words   |  6 PagesThe British launched The Battle of the Somme to achieve two objectives. The first and most important goal was to relieve pressure on the French Army at Verdun, and the second was to inflict as heavy a loss as possible on the German Armies. The Battle of the Somme had to be fought to save the French Army from the crucifixion of Verdun. The head of the French Army, General Fock, and some leading British commanders did not believe this battle would help, but political masters in London and Paris supportedRead MoreThe Battle Of The Somme1781 Words   |  8 Pagesadvances, varying from a few hundred yards to 7 miles along a thirty mile front. This was not however the only achievement of the battle of the Somme. Hindenburg, a German general admitted within his Memoirs that while very little land was lost fighting in the Somme, the German army wouldn’t have survived many more campaigns similar to it or Verdun. Moreover, the Somme marked a change in the global perception of Britain; it became a force to be reckoned with. Erich von Falkenhayn, Chief of the GermanRead MoreThe Battle Of The Somme843 Words   |  4 Pagestriggered. Alongside the opposition enemy, soldiers had to contend with shortage of food and appalling conditions. The voluntary period saw the first sort of army to be set up. However this set of volunteers were formed into action later during the Battle of the Somme. This was called the Kitcheners army, largely influ enced through persuasive poster campaigns. This staggeringly led to over one million men to enlist by January 1915. The major ploy was the idea of the conscription and the effectivness of theRead MoreThe Battle Of The Somme1531 Words   |  7 Pages(1) The Battle of Somme The Battle of the Somme started in 1916 in the month of July and ended in the month of November and was the British and the French on one side vs the Germans on the other. It was an offensive type of battle . The British and the french got around 7 miles of ground and lost thousands of men in the process of the battle. It is considered one of the largest and bloodiest battles of WWI. TheRead MoreThe Battle Of The Somme2256 Words   |  10 Pagesmerely forty years ago sharks could and would outlive any event. Yet, even as sharks have the ability to adapt to changing circumstances, the summer of 1916 presented the first unexpected change for these great animals. 1916 July 1st, 1916: The Battle of the Somme begins and the British army suffers 57,470 casualties and 19,240 deaths in just one day s time. In the span of that week, children were dying at the rate of one per hour from a polio epidemic in New York City alone. Yet, the American pressRead MoreThe Battle Of The Somme And Waterloo1488 Words   |  6 PagesSarah Cooper HIST 101-001 830538724 In â€Å"The Face of Battle,† John Keegan analyzed the experiences of the individuals involved in the battles of the Somme and Waterloo; he thoroughly examined the advancements of industrialization in warfare and battle strategy between 1815 and 1916. The industrialization of modern warfare during the battle of the Somme, while progressive, was very much still in its experimental stages. While the inventions during this time period were later evolved into much moreRead MoreThe Battle Of The Somme1505 Words   |  7 Pagesit is important in that the knowledge of our past will help posture and mold the future of tomorrow. The idea for Camp Lewis was fought for by the civilian populace of Pierce County in Washington State. Late in the year of 1916 the â€Å"Battle of the Somme† was at full force when a private group of concerned citizens got together at American Lake to organize a training program that was designed for non-enlistment personnel. The program was designed to encourage readiness among the community inRead MoreThe Battle Of The Somme1473 Words   |  6 Pagesmold the future of tomorrow as we learn and grow from the success and/or mistakes of those before us. In Washington State, the civilian populace fought for the idea of bringing a military base to the American Lake region. In late 1916, â€Å"Battle of the Somme† escalated and that rumored the possibility of other countries joining in to create a world war. A private group of concerned citizens got together at American Lake to organize a training program that was designed for non-enlistment personnel

Race and Affirmative Action Essay - 2807 Words

Race and Affirmative Action Race is an issue that is embedded in the nation’s history and continues to spur discussions on how the different minorities and ethnic groups must be treated fairly. Affirmative action is a recent attempt to solve the discriminations produced by racial inequality. However, affirmative action is also being scrutinized as scholars and the public debate the benefits and harms of affirmative action. A Historical View Throughout the past 30 years, affirmative action has been the answer to racial inequality. The policy began in 1965 under President Johnson. It was used to redress issues of discrimination, following the civil rights laws and constitutional guarantees on†¦show more content†¦However, by the late 1970s flaws surfaced in the affirmative action policy. Reverse discrimination became an issue, epitomized by the Bakke case of 1978. A medical school that had accepted less qualified minority applicants had rejected Allan Bakke, a white male, two consecutive years. The school had a separate admissions policy for minorities. It reserved 16 out of 100 places for minority students. The Supreme Court voted that it was unconstitutional to set inflexible quota systems in affirmative action programs. The medical school had discriminated against a white applicant. In the same ruling, however, the Court upheld the legality of affirmative action in forms other than quota sys tems. In 1979 the Supreme Court reflected the Bakke decision. The Supreme Court ruled in AFO-CIO v. Weber, 444 U.S. 889 that race-conscious affirmative action efforts designed to eliminate a conspicuous racial imbalance in an employers workforce resulting from past discrimination was permissible, as long as the actions were temporary and did not violate the rights of white employees. College admission imbalances have resurfaced as a problem for affirmative action. Recently, the Smith v. University of Washington case upheld the universitys affirmative action program, although the program could no longer be used after the passage of Initiative 200 in 1998. Initiative 200 is a controversialShow MoreRelatedRace and The Affirmative Action Policies1244 Words   |  5 PagesThe utilization of race in affirmative action policies in higher education has been a topic of contention for several decades now. Since the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, we have seen some of the most heated debates over the fairness of affirmative action and the impacts on society the utilization of race creates. With such pending questions on fairness and of the constitutionality of affirmative action policies two major Supreme Court cases have arisen, University of California RegentsRead MoreThe Race Based Affirmative Action1649 Words   |  7 Pagesas race-based affirmative action. Informally called affirmative action, it is a combination of adopted policies that construct an advantage to minority groups, giving them more possibilities to succeed in jobs, education, and other aspects of daily life. The whole concept came from the 1960’s Civil Rights Movement which advocated for equalizing the rights and opportunities for minorities. John F. Kennedy, the current president at the time, accepted the challenge and formally used â€Å"affirmative action†Read MoreThe Race Based Affirmative Action966 Words   |  4 PagesRace-based affirmative action has been challen ged by a great deal of objection during the course of it duration. According to its opponents, Affirmative action proves to be inconsistent. Affirmative action based on race increases race consciousness instead of supporting color-blind justice. By giving people special consideration to ensure equality, it contributes to inequality. The constitution of the United States calls for equal treatment, therefore, allowing racial consideration poses a contradictionRead MoreRace Based Affirmative Action On Higher Education Essay1445 Words   |  6 PagesRace-Based Affirmative Action in Higher Education In 1961, President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925, which created the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, or CEEO. One purpose of the CEEO was to â€Å"recommend additional affirmative steps which should be taken by executive departments and agencies to realize more fully the national policy of nondiscrimination† (Kennedy). This executive order planted the seeds that grew into what is today known as â€Å"race-based affirmative action,†Read MoreAffirmative Action Are Effective Models For Younger Members Of Their Race1519 Words   |  7 Pagesposition that affirmative action provides young people, and really minority, with a great role model. One scholar argues: Moreover, I doubt very much that individuals who reach top positions through affirmative action are effective models for younger members of their race or sex. What, after all, do they model? A black vice president who got her job through affirmative action is not necessarily a model of how to rise through the corporate meritocracy. She may be a model of how affirmative action can workRead More Affirmative Action - The Battles Against Race-based Educational Plans2292 Words   |  10 PagesAffirmative Action - The Battles Against Race-Based Educational Plans Californias decision in 1996 to outlaw the use of race in public college admissions was widely viewed as the beginning of the end for affirmative action at public universities all over the United States. But in the four years since Californians passed Proposition 209, most states have agreed that killing affirmative action outright would deepen social inequality by denying minority citizens access to higher educationRead MoreAffirmative Action Is The Perfect Plan1173 Words   |  5 PagesAffirmative Action On March 6th, 1955, President John F. Kennedy signed executive order 10925 enforcing that government corporations not discriminate against anyone based off their race and skin color. This became â€Å"positive† discrimination otherwise known as affirmative action. Affirmative action is a method benefiting anyone who have experienced discrimination particular to one’s education and/ or employment (Affirmative Action). In today’s age affirmative action is creating â€Å"reverse racism† dueRead MoreAffirmative Action Should Not Be A Program1540 Words   |  7 Pagesmodern American government and yet is still very active today. Affirmative action is defined as â€Å"the practice of improving the educational and job opportunities of members of groups that have not been treated fairly in the past because of their race, sex, etc† (Merriam-Webster). Affirmative action creates a blatantly unfair advantage in college and job applications to non-minority r aces and is ultimately a racist law. Affirmative action is most prominent in the College admission process, where itsRead More Affirmative Action Essay1282 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Newman, affirmative action is a â€Å"program designed to seek out members of minority groups for positions from which they had previously been excluded, thereby seeking to overcome some institutional racism† (Newman, 536). Affirmative action made its debut with a piece of legislature passed by President Lyndon Johnson in 1964 and continues to this day. However, the concept of affirmative action is a controversial issue that continues to be hotly debated. Affirmative action policies are passionatelyRead MoreThe Precedency: Supporting the Affrimative Action Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative action is a government policy that gives opportunities to minorities, women, and any group who has been the victim of discrimination in the past. Affirmative action is the outcome of the 1960’s Civil Rights movement, growing out of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which outlawed discrimination based on race, ethnicity, or gender. It was the 1978 Supreme Court decision, The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, which allowed for the use of race-based preferences as a means of

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 944 Words

Long ago in the quiet town of Salem Massachusetts, witchcraft was of major concern. Throughout the chaos, keeping your name free from the attention of the village was what the townspeople wanted to do The varying degree of pride throughout the village was overpowering. If you could save yourself by throwing the blame on someone else. The Salem Witch Trials brought which out the The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller, a play about vengeance and greed. The Salem Witch Trials also brought out the opportunities to inflict punishment on one s neighbor, attempt to receive others land, and end any lasting arguments.The Witch Trials brought out everyone s inner greed, jealously and the revenge they yearn to seek. Abigail Williams and Elizabeth Proctor are in constant conflict over John Proctor throughout the play. Elizabeth becomes jealous of Abigail after Abigail interacts with John Proctor. There is evidence of this conflict when the wife of Parris says, You did, you did! You drank a charm to kill John Proctor s wife! You drank a charm to kill Goody Proctor! This shows hows there is some inner jealousy involving Abigail s feelings towards Elizabeth and her relationship with John. Abigail and Elizabeth are in this on-going conflict because Abigail s affair with John. Although John Proctor doesn t feel the same was as Abigail does, Abby, I may think of you softly from time to time. But I will cut off my hand before I ll ever reach for you again. Wipe it out of mind.Show MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communist allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. The Salem Witch Trials were intended to be performed as the play however, when read, it can be more carefully examined and broken down to analyze the techniques. Miller, the playwright, uses literaryRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1145 Words   |  5 PagesUnbalance Through The Centuries In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the author reflects the persecution of communists in America in the 1950’s through a recount of the Salem witch trials. It is often presumed that Miller based his drama directly off of events that were particularly prevalent in the years surrounding the publication of The Crucible- which was released in the year 1953, towards the conclusion of the Korean War. Although there was not a literal witch hunt occurring during this timeRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the English dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all th ose seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1285 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experiencesRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with thre e types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be the

Hormones (994 words) Essay Example For Students

Hormones (994 words) Essay HormonesHormones are organic substances that are secreted by plants and animals and thatfunction in the regulation of physiological activities and in maintaininghomeostasis. They carry out their functions by evoking responses from specificorgans or tissues that are adapted to react to minute quantities of them. Theclassical view of hormones is that they are transmitted to their targets in thebloodstream after discharge from the glands that secrete them. This mode ofdischarge (directly into the bloodstream) is called endocrine secretion. Themeaning of the term hormone has been extended beyond the original definition ofa blood-borne secretion, however, to include similar regulatory substances thatare distributed by diffusion across cell membranes instead of by a blood system. . Among animals, the hormones of the vertebratesparticularly those of humansand other mammalsare the best known. Most vertebrate hormones originate inspecialized tissues, called endocrine tissues, and are carried to their targetsthrough the bloodstream. Endocrine glands. A major endocrine gland invertebrates is the pituitary, which consists of two distinct sections: theanterior pituitary (or adenohypophysis) and the posterior pituitary (orneurohypophysis). The anterior pituitary is sometimes called the mastergland, because it secretes several hormones that affect the otherendocrine glands. For example, the anterior pituitary hormones thyrotropin andadrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) regulate endocrine activity in the thyroidand the outer region (cortex) of the adrenal glands, respectively. The anteriorpituitary also secretes hormones that affect the sex glands. One of these isfollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which stimulates egg production in theovaries and sperm production in the testes. Another is luteinizing hormone (LH). In females, LH works in conjunction with FSH to regulate the female reproductivecycle and the secretion of female sex hormones. In males, LH controls theproduction of the male sex hormones. Other hormones produced in the anteriorpituitary include growth hormone, which is responsible for normal body growth,and prolactin, which promotes milk production in female mammals. Its designationas the master gland notwithstanding, the anterior pituitary itself is regulatedby substances called releasing hormones that are secreted by the hypothalamus,the part of the brain located directly above the pituitary. These hypothalamichormones stimulateor, in some cases, inhibitthe secretions of the anteriorpituitary. The posterior pituitary stores and releases two hormones: oxytocin,which causes the uterus to contract during birth, and vasopressin, which acts onthe kidneys to restrict the output of urine. These two hormones are actuallyproduced by the hypothalamus, which is linked directly to the poster iorpituitary. Other endocrine glands in vertebrates include the thyroid,parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, and gonads (sex glands). The thyroid produceshormones that control metabolic rate and oxygen consumption. Hormones from theparathyroids are concerned with calcium concentration in the blood, and thepancreas releases insulin and glucagon, hormones that, respectively, lower andraise the blood-sugar level. Hormones from the adrenal cortex regulate glucoseand sodium metabolism. Those secreted by the central portion (medulla) of theadrenals affect the heart and the circulatory and respiratory systems; thesehormones are important in helping an individual cope with stress. The heartitself releases a hormone atrial natriuretic peptidethat helps regulateblood pressure, blood volume, and the salt and water balance within the blood. (see also Index: thyroid hormone, parathormone) The female sex hormonestheestrogens and progesteroneare produced by the ovaries. Together with FSH andLH, these hormones control the cyclical changes in the female reproductivesystemthe menstrual cycle in human females and the estrous cycle in otherfemale mammals. The estrogens also are responsible for female sexualcharacteristics. Progesterone is concerned with the maintenance of pregnancy. .ub9cdfdf035669eba44546e732b0bb926 , .ub9cdfdf035669eba44546e732b0bb926 .postImageUrl , .ub9cdfdf035669eba44546e732b0bb926 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub9cdfdf035669eba44546e732b0bb926 , .ub9cdfdf035669eba44546e732b0bb926:hover , .ub9cdfdf035669eba44546e732b0bb926:visited , .ub9cdfdf035669eba44546e732b0bb926:active { border:0!important; } .ub9cdfdf035669eba44546e732b0bb926 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub9cdfdf035669eba44546e732b0bb926 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub9cdfdf035669eba44546e732b0bb926:active , .ub9cdfdf035669eba44546e732b0bb926:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub9cdfdf035669eba44546e732b0bb926 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub9cdfdf035669eba44546e732b0bb926 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub9cdfdf035669eba44546e732b0bb926 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub9cdfdf035669eba44546e732b0bb926 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub9cdfdf035669eba44546e732b0bb926:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub9cdfdf035669eba44546e732b0bb926 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub9cdfdf035669eba44546e732b0bb926 .ub9cdfdf035669eba44546e732b0bb926-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub9cdfdf035669eba44546e732b0bb926:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Brain Structure Differences EssayMale sex hormonesknown as androgensinclude testosterone, which is secretedby the testes. Testosterone is responsible for the maintenance of male sexualcharacteristics. Hormone chemistry. Structurally, vertebrate hormones fall intotwo main classes. Those of the adrenal cortex and the sex organs are steroids, amajor class of lipid compounds. Virtually all other known vertebrate hormonesconsist of amino acids. Most nonsteroidal hormones are composed of chains ofamino acidseither short chains (polypeptides) or long chains (proteins). Thehormones of the adrenal medulla, however, are composed of amino acid derivativescalled amines, those of the t hyroid of a single amino acid combined with atomsof iodine. It is believed that hormones achieve their effects on target tissuesand organs through either of two mechanisms. The steroid hormones and thehormones of the thyroid can, as a result of their chemical structures, passthrough cell membranes. These hormones apparently enter a target cell andcombine with an intracellular receptor protein. The hormone-receptor complexthen enters the cells nucleus, where it apparently affects the activity ofspecific genes. Genes carry the cells hereditary blueprint for proteinsynthesis, and so the interaction of the hormone-receptor complex with the genesinfluences the cells production of proteins. Because many proteins function asenzymes within the cell, this influence on protein synthesis can havefar-reaching effects on the cells activities. The polypeptide, protein, andamine hormones are believed to operate by a different mechanism. These hormonesdo not enter the target cell; instead, they com bine with a receptor protein onthe cells outer membrane. This hormone-receptor complex apparently triggers anenzyme in the membrane, causing the synthesis of a so-calledsecond-messenger compound within the cell. This second messengerinmany cases, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP)apparently activatesenzyme systems that bring about the desired action by the cell. It isinteresting to note that both proposed mechanisms of hormone action involve thebinding of the hormone to a specific receptor molecule. This feature accountsfor the specificity of hormones; a hormone can have an effect only on cells thatpossess the appropriate receptor. Hormones probably exist in all invertebrates. In insects, neurosecretory cells in the brain produce thoracotropic hormone. This hormone stimulates glands in the thorax to secrete the hormone ecdysone,which causes the periodic molting, or shedding, of the hard exoskeleton. Anotherinsect hormone, called juvenile hormone, maintains the larval state. A decreasein juvenile hormone triggers the development of the adult characteristics. Plants also have a hormonal system, which includes auxins, gibberellins, andcytokinins, all of which promote growth. Plant hormones also include severalgrowth inhibitors, which regulate such activities as the fall of deciduousleaves in autumn and the development of dormancy in buds and seeds.